An UHPLC-TOF-MS method for quantifying novel brominated anticancer compound bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid and its application to in vivo pharmacokinetic study

Abstract

Background

Bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid was a novel synthetic brominated anticancer compound with two bromine atoms. Bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid showed considerable selective inhibitory activity against PARP1 (IC₅₀ = 29.5 nmol/L). UHPLC-TOF-MS was used to establish a new method to quantify bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid bio-samples for indispensable quantitation analysis in further extensive pre-clinical studies.

Methods

Chromatographic and mass spectrometry parameters were optimized for quantitative method establishment. Improved protein-precipitated method was applied to the extraction of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid in rat plasma samples. Furthermore, this proposed method was applied to an intravenous bolus dose to male rats.

Results

Mobile phase was consisted of water for A and acetonitrile for B with 25 mmol/L formic acid in both A and B. The flow rate was 0.30 mL/min, and the run time of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid was 4.0 min. A Thermo Fisher Accucore 2.6 μm C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm i.d.; San Jose, USA) was used for chromatographic separation. High resolution mass spectrometry was used to quantify samples by exact mass number of compound which was operated on negative ionization mode. Linear dynamic range of the established method was widely with 13.7–10000 nmol/L. Pharmacokinetics properties of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid were shown in the results.

Conclusion

This method was reliable and reproducible from sample preparation to analysis and storage stability under the investigated conditions. It may be useful for analysis of halogenated compounds and brominated compounds in ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Introduction

Malignancies were becoming an increasing threat to world health and presenting various diversifications. Halogenated compounds exerted kinds of potent pharmacological activities, like anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anticancer, and antimicrobial (Wang, Gloer et al. 2013). Bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid was a kind of novel synthetic brominated anticancer compound, with two bromine atoms. Pharmacological results showed that bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid showed considerable better inhibitory activity of PARP1 (IC₅₀ = 29.5 nmol/L) (Guo, wang et al. 2019). Generally, most naturally occurring bromine consists of a mixture of two stable isotopes: ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br (Heumann, Smith et al. 1998). The mass spectrum of the compound with one or two bromine atoms would show more than one precursor ions. Because of containing two bromine atoms, the exact mass spectrometry of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid showed three exact mass numbers with 2 molecular weight differences, 393.8635, 395.8612, and 397.8590.

Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TOF-MS) method has not been reported for estimation of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid in rat plasma. High resolution mass spectrum could provide exact mass number data of compounds. In addition with sensitivity and accuracy of advanced mass spectrum, rapid, high sensitivity quantitative analysis of UHPLC-TOF-MS methods would be attainable. This method proposed a new rapid, sensitive UHPLC-TOF-MS method for quantifying brominated compound bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid in rat plasma. This method was proposed through a precipitated sample preparation with the lower limit of detection of 13.7 nmol/L and a total chromatographic run time of 4 min for one injection. Bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid plasma samples had good stability and negligible carryover and matrix effects under investigated conditions. This method may be useful for bio-sample analysis of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid and analysis method development for brominated compounds.

Materials and methods

Materials

Bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid was synthesized and purified in our lab. The purity was over 98%. Formic acid of LC-MS-grade was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Acetonitrile, methanol, and the other analytical agents in HPLC-grade were all obtained from Honeywell (NJ, USA). Deionized water was generated by Milli Q water purification instrument with model number of DIRCCT8 (Bedford, MA, USA).

Analysis instruments and their conditions

Analyses of chromatographic were executed using an Ultimate 3000 UHPLC system of Dionex (Sunnyvale, USA) which was consisted of an Ultimate 3000 Degasser, Pump, RS Autosampler, and column compartment. An Impact HD™ benchtop UHR-Q-ToF (Bruker Daltonik, Bremen, Germany) was interfaced with the UHPLC system. Chromatographic separation of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid was achieved on a Thermo Fisher Accucore 2.6 μm C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm i.d.; San Jose, USA). Mobile phase used in this study included water (phase A, 25 mM formic acid) and acetonitrile (phase B, 25 mM formic acid). The flow rate in this method was 0.30 mL/min. The gradient elution regimen was starting at 2% B after sample introduction, and changing to 98% B after 0.1 min. After keeping 98% B for 1.9 min, phase B was decreased back to 2% B and balanced for another 1.9 min. The temperature of column oven and auto-sampler oven were maintained at 40 and 6 °C, respectively. Mass spectrum parameters of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid were optimized to achieve the highest intensities. Bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid calibration curve samples were conducted by peak area ratio (Y) against the corresponding nominal plasma concentrations of the analytes (X, nmol/L) using 1/X weighted linear regressions.

Calibration curves and quality controls

Stock solution of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid (1 mM) was used to construct calibration curves of samples by spiking with rat blank plasma. Standard plasma samples were generated by continuously diluted mode; the spiked concentration of calibration curves were 10000, 3333, 1111, 370, 123, 41.1, and 13.7 nmol/L. The concentration of low, medium, and high quality control (QC) samples were set as 100 nmol/L, 1000 nmol/L, and 10,000 nmol/L based on the linear range of the calibration curves. Quality control (QC) samples were prepared in the same way of precipitation as calibration curves.

Method validation

Validation of this established method was carried out following the Chinese Pharmacopoeia guidance and the USFDA guidelines [https://www.fda.gov/media/70858/download]. The upper (ULOQ) and lower limits of quantification (LOQ) were defined and determined by the virtual prepared linear range of the corresponding concentrations for rat plasma quantification. Stability test was performed under conditions simulating the sample preparing process. Studies of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid extraction efficiency and matrix effects in rat plasma were performed as the referenced method reported (Li, Liang et al. 2007). Samples of QC were prepared by stock solution of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid (1 mM) spiked with blank rat plasma in sextuplicate on three different batches for the accuracy and precision study including the intra-batch and inter-batch.

Sample preparation

Rat plasma (20 μL) was extracted with acetonitrile/methanol (50:50, v/v) in volume proportion of 1:2 for 5 min to remove plasma proteins. Five microliters supernatant was delivered to the UHPLC-TOF-MS system for bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid quantitative analysis after centrifugation (13000 g) for 10 min.

Rat pharmacokinetic study

The ARRIVE guidelines (Kilkenny, Browne et al. 2010, McGrath, Lilley et al. 2015) were applied to this rat pharmacokinetic study. In addition, rat studies were carried out according to the care and use of laboratory animal guidelines established by Institute of Oceanology committees, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Animal sufferings were minimized by efforts. Three male Sprague-Dawley rats (250–290 g) were purchased from Jinan Pengyue Experimental Animal Breeding co., LTD (Jinan, China). Rats were allowed to accommodate in the breeding environment for 1 week before use, and the circumstance conditions were as follows: 12-h light/dark cycle, controlled temperature, and humidity in the range of 20–24 °C and 30–70%. Rats were fed filtered tap water and commercial rat chow in a freely intake way.

Rat blood sampling method was executed as reported (Hem, Smith et al. 1998). Serial blood samples (~100 μL) were collected through saphenous vein puncture into heparinized tubes before bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid dosage regimen and at 5, 15, 30 min and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 h after an intravenous dose (2 mg/kg). Collected blood samples were immediately centrifuged to obtain the plasma fractions. Plasma samples were stored at – 70 °C until analysis. After use, experimental animals were put into euthanasia by a caudal venous air embolism. Non-compartmental model was selected in the calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters by Kinetica 2000 (version 3.0; Thermo Scientific, Philadelphia, PA, USA). The final conclusion data were showed as mean ± standard deviation.

Results and discussion

Method development

As bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid was a novel synthetic compound, an analytical method can facilitate the following step work in new drug development. The aim of this study was to develop a method to quantify bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid in rat plasma on UHPLC-TOF-MS instruments. The chromatographic column type and mobile phase were selected for the halogenated compound bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid. Successful chromatographic separation of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid from the endogenous matrix effects in rat plasma samples was obtained on a Thermo Fisher Accucore 2.6 μm C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm i.d.; San Jose, USA). LogP is one of the important physicochemical properties which determined the chromatographic retention behavior of the analytes (Kubik, Struck-Lewicka et al. 2015). CLogP value of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid was 3.20 (calculated by Molinspiration Cheminformatics 2018) [http://www.molinspiration.com/cgi-bin/properties]. High bonding phase coverage of column used in this study can provide optimal retention for a range of hydrophobic analytes and was suitable for a variety of applications. Furthermore, the eluting capability of acetonitrile was more effective than methanol, so the acetonitrile was chosen as solvent B with 25 mM formic acid, and water was for solvent A with 25 mM formic acid. The optimized chromatographic conditions were constructed in a short run time of 4.0 min to achieve faster elution, improved resolution and separation from endogenous matrix in rat plasma, sufficient peak response and sharp peak shape. Twenty-five millimolar formic acid was added as electrolyte in mobile phase for better ionization of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid. The retention time of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid was 1.8 min under these chromatographic conditions.

Compound showed higher signal intensities in negative ion mode than positive mode with 1 μmol/L standard solutions. Therefore, the [M − H]⁻ ions were selected as parent ion for quantitation. As most naturally occurring bromine consists of a mixture of two stable isotopes: ⁷⁹Br and ⁸¹Br, the exact mass spectrometry of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid, showed three exact mass numbers with 2 molecular weight differences, 393.8635, 395.8612, and 397.8590 in full scan mode for mass spectrum parameter optimization. The exact mass 395.8612 displayed higher intensity than 393.8635 and 397.8590; therefore, 395.8612 was used to quantify samples in our study. The structure and exact masses of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid are shown in Fig. 1. The mass spectrum source-dependent parameters were optimized to obtain the reproducible and adequate response of the compound. The optimized mass spectrum parameters of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid in negative ion mode used for the measurement of the compound are showed in Table 1.

Fig. 1

Structure and exact mass of BTH in negative mode

Table 1 Optimize mass spectrum parameters for bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid

Negligible matrix effects and high recovery were achieved under organic reagents-based protein precipitation method for the test compound. Methanol/acetonitrile (1:1, v/v) was chosen for bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid extraction in rat plasma samples. Mixed methanol and acetonitrile may get more efficient protein precipitation results and, therefore, bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid could acquire good adequate selectivity, peak shape, and sufficient response on mass spectrums analysis.

Selectivity and chromatography

The validated method showed good selectivity and suitable chromatography. Six individual lots of rat blank plasma were used in the method selectivity study. As shown in Fig. 2a, no endogenous compound was co-eluted with peaks corresponding to bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid. Peak response of limit of detection (LOD) was 3-fold higher than the rat blank plasma at the same retention time of compound bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid in Fig. 2b. Therefore, the endogenous interference of rat plasma to bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid was negligible. Figure 2c showed the chromatogram peak intensity for bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid in plasma sample at 0.083 h after intravenous bolus dose regimen of 2 mg/kg.

Fig. 2

Typical MS1 chromatograms of BTH in a blank plasma, b LOD sample, and c real subject sample of 0.083 h after intravenous injection of 2 mg/kg dose of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid

Calibration curves, matrix effects, and extraction efficiency

Correlation coefficients (r) of rat plasma calibration curves was greater than 0.9999. The UHPLC-TOF-MS quantification linear dynamic range was 13.7–10000 nmol/L. Matrix effects and extraction efficiency methods were performed as reported (Matuszewski, Constanzer et al. 2003). Briefly, set 1, set 2, and set 3 samples were prepared by spiking by stock solutions in organic reagent, extracted plasma endogenous matrix, and rat blank plasma. Organic reagent in set 1 was composed of methanol:acetonitrile = 1:1(v:v), and extracted plasma endogenous matrix in set 2 was produced through removing plasma protein from rat blank plasma by organic reagent (same as in set 1) in the ratio of 1:2 (v:v). Samples of set 1 and set 2 were introduced to UHPLC-TOF-MS for analysis after preparation, while samples of set 3 were then precipitated by organic reagent the same as in set 1 in the ratio of 1:2 (v:v) after preparation. Extraction efficiency (%) was determined by the formula of 3 × (set 3/set 2) × 100, and matrix effect (%) was calculated by (set 2/set 1) × 100. Matrix effects and extraction efficiency studies were all presented through low, medium, and high-concentration levels (n = 3). As shown in Table 2, the mean value of extraction efficiency of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid was found to be 108–119%, with coefficient of variation less than 11.0%. The plasma matrix constitutions in organic reagent extraction had negligible ionization changes of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid retention time. The mean matrix effects of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid were included in the range of 73.5–115%, and the coefficients of variations were ranging below 13.0%.

Table 2 Extraction efficiency (n = 3) and matrix effects (n = 3) for the analysis of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid in rat plasma

Accuracy and precision of intra-batch and inter-batch

Low-, medium-, and high-concentration quality controls were evaluated in the inter-batch and intra-batch rat plasma samples. All the precision results included in this study were evaluated through the calculation of % RSD. In the nominal quality control concentration levels, as shown in Table 3, the mean accuracy of intra-batch and inter-batch samples were in the range of 108–115% and 96.8–112 %, respectively. The corresponding precision values were all below 15%, and this result showed acceptable accuracy and precision value of intra-batch and inter-batch.

Table 3 Intra-batch (n = 6) and inter-batch (n = 6) accuracy and precision for the analysis of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid in rat plasma.

Stability study

Rat plasma stability study was evaluated by comparing the detected nominal concentration of samples and samples suffer various given conditions. The investigated conditions included bench top storing stability under room temperature, autosampler maintaining at 6 °C, stability of short- and long-term storage, and freeze/thaw cycles stability. As shown in Table 4, the concentration detected was 93.6–114% of corresponding spiked concentrations after 3 h bench top storage period at room temperature. After 24 h storage under 6 °C in the auto-sampler, rat plasma samples were almost stable after plasma protein-removing with accuracy of 97.8–120%. Although rat plasma samples were processed immediately in this study, freeze-thaw cycles stability of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid was still investigated for three times for the application of our method to other studies with accuracy of 98.8–110%. Short-term stability accuracy of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid storing under − 70 °C for 3 days was in the range of 84.1–112% in the current study, and the long-term stability accuracy was 90.3–113% at − 70 °C for 40 days.

Table 4 Stability data for bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid in rat plasma (n = 3).

Dilution, carryover, and system stability

Based on the wide range of dynamic linear range of calibration curve of 13.7–10,000 nmol/L, dilution of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid may still be needed in other relative study although high plasma concentration was achieved in the intravenous dosage regimen. Dilution integrity test was carried out 2 times (20000 nmol/L) and 4 (40000 nmol/L) times, and the corresponding accuracies were 99.5% and 102% in this study with precision of 5.5% and 8.4%, respectively. Future development and application to other studies of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid-related sample diluting preparation may be indispensable.

Carryover study was following the standards at LOQ (41.1 nmol/L) and ULOQ (10000 nmol/L). Peak areas of blank plasma in the retention time of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid were 4.24% of their LOQs and 0.18% of their ULOQs, respectively. These results indicated that carryover between high and low concentration were negligible, and the elution of the compound from the column was facilitate. Even so, the sequences of sample analysis were still performed in a concentration-augmenting mode in this study. The precision of system stability was 8.46%, showing good mass spectrum signal uniformity in continuous sample reinjection (n = 6).

Pharmacokinetic study

This UHPLC-TOF-MS method which was established and validated was applied to a pharmacokinetic (PK) study intravenously administered into male rats (n = 3). As Fig. 3 displayed, the mean maximum plasma concentration (C_max) of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid was 1300 ± 10 nmol/L and attained at 0.08 ± 0.00 h in rats. After dosing, bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid had lower systemic exposure level (indicated by AUC_0−∞), with value of 905 ± 104 nmol/L·h. Bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid eliminated rapidly after administration. The mean elimination half-life time (t_1/2) was 0.75 ± 0.04 h. This short elimination half-life was attributed to the rapid elimination in vivo. In addition, this result was consistent with the high clearance of 5.32 ± 0.51 L/h/kg, which was larger than hepatic blood flow with value of 3.31 L/h/kg but smaller than cardiac output with value of 17.8 L/h/kg. Thus, bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid may have extra-hepatic clearance in rats. Volumes of distribution at steady-state (V_SS) was 5.77 ± 0.82 L/kg, and this result was far more larger than rat body fluid volume (0.67 L/kg), which suggests that bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid may have extensive distribution in rats.

Fig. 3

Plasma concentration-time curves of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid after intravenous administration of 2 mg/kg

The ClogP value of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid was 3.2 calculated by molinspiration [http://www.molinspiration.com/cgi-bin/properties]. In light of, the LLOQ of this method was 13.7 nM, the free concentration in rat plasma expected may be very low based on the generally high plasma protein binding ratio of most of drugs which have high ClogP value. Compared to the agent’s inhibitory concentration at 50% of efficacy (IC50) at 29.5 nM against PARP1, which was the free concentration of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid, the LLOQ of 13.7 nM may keep sensitive for EC50 studies in vivo (Ye, Nagar et al. 2016). In addition, bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid was expected to develop as an intravenous dosage form according to the results of IC50 in vitro in the future. Furthermore, if IC50 in vitro was 29.5 nM, the total plasma or tissue concentration was expected to be much higher in considering the possible high plasma/tissue protein binding ratio for bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid.

Concluding remarks

An UHPLC-TOF-MS method had been established and verified for rapid sensitive determination of new synthetic compound bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid in rat plasma. A wide linear dynamic range of 13.7–10,000 nmol/L was developed in this method. Despite of the fragment ion production, exact mass of precursor ion of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid was used to quantify samples with the high throughput capabilities in analyzing bio-samples. Samples of stability and in vivo rat pharmacokinetic plasma samples were all analyzed based on this method. High throughput analysis of bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid in bio-samples was feasible on account of the optimized short run time cycle of 4 min. High sensitivity and wide linear dynamic range of this method will be very useful for applying in research and development of both oral and intravenous administration. As a kind of anticancer leading compound, bromophenol-thiosemicarbazone hybrid showed relatively moderate pharmacokinetic properties in vivo. This study also provided practical imitate to method development of halogenated compounds.