Fig. 1

In vitro model validation of Parkinson's disease for SH-SY5Y cells treated with 6-OHDA or MPP+. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with different concentrations of A 6-OHDA (0, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 500 μΜ) or B MPP+ (0, 100, 250, 500, 1000, and 5000 μΜ) for 48 h; cell viability was analyzed using Cell Counting Kit-8. C Cellular morphology changes caused by 50 µM 6-OHDA and 500 µM MPP+ (Scale bar = 100 μm). D The expression of PD-related genes, including SNCA, LRRK2, and parkin, was confirmed in 6-OHDA or MPP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells using qRT-PCR. The β-actin transcript served as an internal control. Apoptosis was quantified via FACS after Annexin V-FITC and PI labeling. Representative FACS data are shown for SH-SY5Y cells treated with 6-OHDA and MPP+ under normal and low fetal bovine serum (5%) conditions. The abscissa and ordinate represent the fluorescence intensity of Annexin V-FITC and PI, respectively. E The bar graph represents the level of apoptosis. F Cells were treated with 6-OHDA or MPP+ for 48 h, and the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔψM) was measured based on JC-1 fluorescence via flow cytometry. (***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, n = 3). 6-OHDA 6-hydroxydopamine, MPP+ 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Ctrl control, FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate, PI propidium iodide