Glutathione-capped Syzygium cumini carbon dot-amalgamated agarose hydrogel film for naked-eye detection of heavy metal ions

Journal of Analytical Science and Technology

Table 1 Evaluation for the detection of Pb²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Mn²⁺ ion using GSH CD-agarose hydrogel film with various other established methods

Method	Probe	Linear range (μM)	LOD (μM)	References
Pb²⁺
Electrochemical	Au interdigitated electrodes	0.01–0.1	0.00661	Cui et al. 2016
Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring	Au NP; AT-cut Au-coated quartz crystal	0.046–3	0.014	Teh et al. 2014
Fluorescence	GQDs and Au NPs	0.05–4	0.0167	Niu et al. 2018
Colorimetric	l-tyrosine Ag NPs	0.016–0.1	0.016	Annadhasan et al. 2014
Fluorescence	PGA	66–261	0.098	Hu and Elioff 2018
Colorimetric- hydrogel film	GSH CD-agarose hydrogel film	5.0–75	1.3	Present method
Fe³⁺
Fluorescence	GQDs	3.5–670	1.6	Zhang et al. 2019
Fluorescence	S-doped C-dots	1.0–500	0.1	Xu et al. 2015
Fluorescence	S-doped CQDs	100–1000	0.177	Wu et al. 2018
Fluorescence	Cranberry bean-derived CDs	30–600	9.55	Zulfajri et al. 2019
Fluorescence	Citric acid and (NH₄)₂HPO₄ CDs	20–200	20	Chandra et al. 2016
Fluorescence	AA and EDA CDs	0–50	10.98	Liu et al. 2015
Colorimetric hydrogel film	GSH CD-agarose hydrogel film	7.5–100	2.5	Present method
Mn²⁺
Colorimetric	4-MBA and MA-modified Ag NPs	0.5–10	0.05	Zhou et al. 2012
Colorimetric	l-tyrosine Ag NPs	0.016–0.5	0.016	Annadhasan et al. 2014
Photoirradiation CSV	NH₂-MIL-125(Ti)/CPE	0.01–10	0.004	Xu et al. 2014
Fluorescence	CMC/Tb(III) nanocomposite	0.1–100	0.046	Ye et al. 2018
Colorimetric	β-Cyclodextrin Ag NPs	1.0–1000	0.5	Hu et al. 2014
Colorimetric hydrogel film	GSH CD-agarose hydrogel film	7.5–100	2.1	Present method