Table 5 The different preconcentration methods coupled with HPLC technique for the determination of benzimidazole fungicides in various sample matrices

Micellar extraction

Nonionic surfactants (e.g., Genapol X-080 and POLE)

High temperature (90 °C) and incubation time (20 min

Water

0.008–6.4 (Genapol X-080), 0.004–5.9 (POLE)

NR^a

Halko et al. (2004)

SPME

Carboxen–polydimethylsiloxane 75 μm fiber

Heating and stirring during extraction process (40 min)

Water

0.03–1.30

NR^a

Monzón et al. (2007)

MISPE

Molecularly imprinted polymer-divinylbenzene

MeOH/acetic acid (50/50) as an eluent

Water

0.002–0.012

NR^a

Cacho et al. (2009)

SALLE

Acetonitrile (2 mL)

High salty solution and required buffer

Water

0.14–0.38

NR^a

Wen et al. (2013)

DLLME

Chloroform (80 μL)

Tetrahydrofuran (as a disperser solvent)

Water

0.5–1.0

150–200

Wu et al. (2009)

MeSA-DLLME

Methyl salicylate (250 µL)

Requires CH₃COONa, without pH adjustment, and not required a disperser solvent

Water

0.03–0.05

24–38

Santaladchaiyakit et al. (2015)

MeSA-VASEME

Methyl salicylate (100 µL)

2 mmol/L SDS (as an emulsifier)

Honey

0.5

32–40

Santaladchaiyakit et al. (2017)

MeBZ-VA-DLLME

Methyl benzoate (250 μL)

EtOH (as a disperser solvent) and 1% (w/v) CH₃COONa

Water

0.01–0.05

14.5–39.0

Santaladchaiyakit and Srijaranai (2014)

MeBZ-VASEME

Methyl benzoate (50 μL)

0.2 mmol/L SDS (as an emulsifier)

Juice

0.01–0.5

15–38

Santaladchaiyakit et al. (2019)

EtSA and EtBZ—VASEME

Ethyl salicylate (200 μL), ethyl benzoate (200 μL),

1.5 mmol/L SDS (as an emulsifier)

Water

0.01 – 0.1

16–28

(18–33)

Santaladchaiyakit et al. (2021a)

Mg(OH)₂-SDBS co-precipitation

Mg(OH)₂

0.35 mmol/L SDBS (as an agent to improve the extraction efficiency), under basic condition

Water and apple juice

1–5 (water) and 7–10 (apple juice)

11–18

Proposed method