Fig. 4

DHE decreases lipid accumulation and restores IR and glucose metabolism in PA-treated SNU-449 cells. SNU-449 cells were treated with 0.25 mM PA or 0.25 mM PA and 10 μΜ DHE for 24 h. a Lipid accumulation was confirmed in the treated SNU-449 using Nile Red staining (Scale bar = 50 μm). b The stained cells were analyzed using Columbus software. c The treated cells were harvested and protein was isolated, and then the lipogenesis factors, including FAS, SCD1, Lipin1, and DGAT2, were measured using western blotting. d Relative protein levels of lipogenesis factors were assessed using the Image J program. Values were normalized to actin. e The insulin resistance factors, including p-AKT (S473) and p-IRS1 (S307), were evaluated using western blotting. f Relative protein levels of insulin resistance factors were assessed using the Image J program. Each value was normalized to AKT or IRS1. g The gluconeogenesis markers, such as G6Pase, PEPCK, and PGC1α, were examined using western blotting. h Relative protein levels of gluconeogenesis markers were assessed using the Image J program. Values were normalized to actin. All data are indicated as mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. n = 3–5. CTL; control