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Table 1 Role of exosomes in pathogenic infections

From: Exosome-associated host–pathogen interaction: a potential effect of biofilm formation

Microorganism

Strain

Host

Description

Role in infection

References

Bacteria

Toxoplasma gondii

Macrophages

 

Activation of JNK pathway and TH1 immune responses

Li et al. (2018)

 

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Cells of the epithelial tissue

Comprise of excess amount the proteins that originate from inner, outer membrane, and the periplasmic space

Develops pro-inflammatory response within the host

Lee et al. (2012)

 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Plasma and macrophages

It comprises of myco-bacterial lipids and proteins that are antigenic in nature

Develops pro-inflammatory response within the host

Giri and Schorey (2008)

 

Mycobacterium avium

Macrophages

 

Develops pro-inflammatory response within the host

Vázquez et al. (2012)

 

Mycobacterium

bovis

Macrophages

It comprises of mycobacterial lipids and proteins that are antigenic in nature

Develops pro-inflammatory response within the host

Giri and Schorey (2008)

 

Bacillus anthracis

Cells of the epithelium and the cells of the retina

Causes the lethal factor to be transferred from infected to uninfected cells

Bhatnagar and Schorey (2007)

 

Chlamydia trachomatis

Fibroblast

Comprise of bacterial antigens like LPS and MOMP

They show cytotoxic effect to the modulatory proteins of human like CT166, Pgp3, and CT159

Frohlich et al. (2012)

 

Chlamydia pneumoniae

ECV304 cells

TF m-RNA snd TF-proteins

Develops inflammatory response resulting in the development of vascular disease

Ettelaie et al. (2007)

 

Salmonella typhimurium

Macrophages

Comprise of lipoprotein

It causes proinflammatory response

Bhatnagar et al. (2007)

 

Helicobacter pyroli

 

Peptidoglycan

In vivo and in vitro promotion of inflammation

Kaparakis et al. (2010)

 

Moraxella catarrhalis

 

DNA and Moraxella Ig-D binding proteins

Vesicle internalization and B-cell receptor binding with the help of B cell receptor

Perez Vidakovics et al. (2010)

 

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

 

t-RNA fragment and Cif protein

It causes reduction in the clearance of pathogen and reduction in antigen

Bomberger et al. (2014)

 

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

 

Porin protein PorB

It brings about apoptosis of macrophages by activating the caspases within the mitochondria

Deo et al. (2018)

 

Trypanosoma cruzi

 

t-RNA halves

Enhances the expression cxcl2 and il-6 within the Hela cells

Garcia-Silva et al. (2014)

 

Plasmodium yoelii

Plasma and reticulocytes

 

It changes the tropism of cells, modulation of immune response and reticulocytocis

Martin-Jaular et al. (2011)