Table 2 CPF detection kits, types of linkers, position of the linkers, methods of conjugation and type of antibody produced in different matrix
From: Immunoassay-based approaches for development of screening of chlorpyrifos
S. no. | Pesticides | Matrix | Linkers | Linker position | Method of conjugation | Carrier protein | Antibody | LOD | I50 | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Chlorpyrifos-methyl | Grain samples | NH(CH2)nCOOH (n = 2) | Thiophosphate moiety | Active ester method | OVA, HRP | PAb | 0.02 ppm | NA | (Edward et al. 1993) |
2 | Chlorpyrifos | Agricultural crop | S(CH2)nCOOH,(n = 2) NH(CH2)nCOOH (n = 2) | 6th and 1st position of aromatic ring | Active ester method | BSA, OVA | MAb | 1.3 ng/ml | 33 nM | (Manclus et al. 1994) |
3 | Chlorpyrifos and its major metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol | water samples | S(CH2)nCOOH (n = 2) NH(CH2)nCOOH (n = 3) | 6 position of the aromatic ring and thiophosphate moiety | Active ester method | BSA, OVA | MAb | 6 ng/ml (chlorpyrifos) 0.034 ng /ml (TCP) | 22 ng/ml (chlorpyrifos) 0.2 ng/ml (TCP) | (Manclus 1996) |
5 | Chlorpyrifos | Water | O(CH2)nCOOH (n = 3) OCH2COOH, NH(CH2)nCOOH (n = 2) N-C (1 carbon) | Thiophosphate moiety | Active ester method | OVA,HRP | MAb | 0.10–0.14 μg/L | 0.8-1.0 nM | (Manclus et al. 1996) |
6 | Chlorpyrifos | Water | O(CH2)nCONH (n = 4) | 6th position of aromatic ring | NA | HRP | MAb | 0.1ng/mL | NA | (Lawruk et al. 1996) |
7 | Immunological detection of organophosphate (patent) | Environmental sample or biological product such as horticultural produce or foods | OCH2COOH | Thiophosphate moiety | Active ester method | OVA, BSA | MAb, PAb,RAB | NA | 20 ng/ml | (Jones et al. 2014) |
8 | Organophosphorus pesticides (chlorpyrifos methyl, malathion, fenitrothion etc.) | NA | [(CH3O)2-P(S)-O-] (n = 4) | Thiophosphate moiety | Active ester method | BSA | PAb | NA | 3 μg/ml | (Banks and Hernandez 2003) |
9 | O,O-Diethyl phosphorothionate and phosphorothionothiolate organophosphorus pesticides | NA | (CH2)nCOOH (n = 3) | 4th position of target ring structure. | Active ester method | BSA, KLH | PAb | 1.6 × 10-3 μg/ml | 5 ng/mL | (Johnson et al. 1998) |
10 | Chlorpyrifos-ethyl | NA | S(CH2)nCOOH (n = 2) | 6th position of the aromatic ring | Active ester method | KLH, OVA | PAb, MAb,RAb | 6,6,7 ng/well | 2200,4200,1600 ng/mL | (Alcocer et al. 2000) |
11 | Chlorpyrifos | NA | NH(CH2)nCOOH (n = 5) CH3N(CH2)nCOOH (n = 3) NHCO(CH2)nCOOH (n = 4) | Thiophosphate moiety and 3,4,5 position of the aromatic ring | Active ester method | KLH, OVA,HRP | PAb | 0.1 ng/mL | 20 ng/mL | (Cho et al. 2002) |
12 | Chlorpyrifos | Olive oil | NH(CH2)nCOOH (n = 5) NH(Ch2)nOH (n = 3) CH2COOH | Thiophosphate moiety and 6th position of aromatic ring | Active ester method | HRP,OVA,BSA | PAb | 0.3 ng/L, 0.07 ng/L | 271 ng/L, 7 ng/L | (Brun et al. 2005) |
13 | Chlorpyrifos | NA | NH(CH2)nCOOH (n = 3) | Thiophosphate moiety | Active ester method | BSA,HRP | PAb | NA | 0.582 μg/mL | (Wang et al. 2007) |
14 | chlorpyrifos-methyl | Grape, Chinese cabbages, water and soil | NH(CH2)nCOOH (n = 3) | Thiophosphate moiety | Active ester method | BSA, OVA | MAb | 0.32 ng/ml | 75.22 ng/ml | (Qian et al. 2009) |
15 | chlorpyrifos-methyl | Water samples | NH(CH2)nCOOH (n = 3) | Thiophosphate moiety | Active ester method | BSA | MAb | 0.6 μg/ml | 1024.39 ng/ml | (Hua et al. 2010) |
16 | chlorpyrifos | Agricultural samples | NH(CH2)nCOOH (n = 5,7) CH3N(CH2)nCOOH (n = 3) | Thiophosphate moiety | active ester method | KLH, OVA | MAb | 10 and 50 ng/mL (chlorpyrifos standard and chlorpyrifos spiked ) | 24 ng/ml | (Kim et al. 2011) |
17 | Chlorpyrifos | Agricultural samples | NH(CH2)nCOOH (n = 5) | Thiophosphate moiety | Active ester method, mixed-anhydride method | OVA, BSA | MAb | 0.1 ng/ml | 3.3 ng/ml | (Liu et al. 2011) |
18 | Chlorpyrifos (review) | NA | S(CH2)nCOOH (n = 3) NH(CH2)nCOOH (n = 3) | Thiophosphate moiety and 6th position of the aromatic ring | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | (Goel 2013) |
19 | Chlorpyrifos | NA | S(CH2)nCOOH (n = 2) | 6th position of pyridyl ring | Active ester method | BSA | NA | NA | NA | (Sharma and Kocher 2013) |
20 | Chlorpyrifos | Environmental and food samples | NH(CH2)nCOOH (n = 3,5) | Thiophosphate moiety | active ester method | BSA,OVA | MAb | NA | 3.72ng/ml | |
21 | Chlorpyrifos-ethyl | Agricultural products | NH(CH2)nCOOH (n = 3) | Thiophosphate moiety | Active ester method | BSA, HSA | PAb | NA | NA | (Maftouh et al. 2017) |
21 | Chlorpyrifos-ethyl and its metabolites 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and diethylthiophosphate | Water samples | NH(CH2)nCOOH (n = 4, 5) | Thiophosphate moiety | active ester method | BSA, HSA | PAb | 2.3410−2, 2.18 10−3 and 8.81 10−3 ppb for CPE, TCP and DETP respectively | CPF (651),TCP (5.61) and DETP (76.5) ppb | (Maftouh et al. 2019) |