Table 1 RNA modification associated with disease and cellular dysfunction

m¹A

Leukemia, lymphoma, breast cancer, replication stress, abnormal conformation of tRNA

(Anderson et al. 1998; Itoh et al. 1992; Cho et al. 2009)

I

Hepatocellular carcinoma, replication stress

(Jeng et al. 2009)

m²G

Esophageal adenocarcinoma

(Djukovic et al. 2010)

m⁷G

Replication stress

(Endres et al. 2015)

m² ₂G

Gastric cancer, intestinal cancer, lung cancer, esophageal adenocarcinoma, breast cancer, oxidative stress

(Nakano et al. 1993; Djukovic et al. 2010; Cho et al. 2009; Chan et al. 2010)

m³C

Alkylating stress

(Chan et al. 2015)

m⁵C

Oxidative stress, replication stress

(Chan et al. 2010, 2012)

Cm

Oxidative stress, replication stress

(Chan et al. 2010)

s²C

Interference with codon—anti-codon interaction

(Agris 2015)

m⁵U

Replication stress

(Endres et al. 2015)

Ψ

Gastric cancer, intestinal cancer, lung cancer, AIDS, leukemia, lymphoma

(Nakano et al. 1993; Itoh et al. 1992)