Table 1 Methods for the determination of CA in biological fluids and dosage forms
Method | Conditions | Detection system | Matrices | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
LC-MS/MS | BDS Hypersil C8 (100 × 4.6) column; mobile phase: acetonitrile:buffer (80:20 v/v); buffer (25 mM ammonium formate) | MRM mode, electrospray-positive ionization | Human plasma | (GeetaBhavani et al. 2014) |
LC-MS/MS | Waters PVA-Sil HPLC (50 × 4.0) mm column; acetonitrile:ethylacetate:water:methanol: formic acid:morpholine (500:200:100:60:0.2:0.025 v/v/v/v) | Sciex API 4000, triple quadrupole mass spectrometer | Human plasma | (Michael et al. 2008) |
Ion exchange chromatography | Column bed:carboxymethylcellulose | Absorbance at 264 mμ | Pharmaceutical formulations (syrups, drops, and tablets) | (Ramadan and Mandil 2006) |
Spectrophotometry and HPLC | ACE C18 (250 × 4.6 mm) column; mobile phase: gradient elution program | DAD detection, absorbance at 210–300 nm range | Pharmaceutical formulations (capsule) | (Ismail and Feyyaz 2012) |
Acetonitrile, 0.01 sodium perchlorate (pH 3) | ||||
DPP and DCP | Mobile phase: phosphate buffer (pH 1.69) using dropping mercury electrode (DME) vs. Ag/Agcl | Diffusion currents (id) and peak currents (ip) | Pharmaceutical formulations (tablets, capsules, syrups, and oral drops) | (Abdul et al. 2009) |
Ion pair reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography | C18 (300 × 3.9 mm); mobile phase: methanol:monobasic phosphate buffer (60:40 v/v) with 1 ml phosphoric acid, 0.5 ml TEA and 0.25 g sodium lauryl sulfate | UV detection 300 nm | Pharmaceutical formulations (tablets) | (de Carina and Marcone 2009) |
Perchloric acid titration | Titrate: 0.1 N perchloric acid with crystal violet TS as indicator | Blue-green end point | Bulk drug | (USP29-NF24 2007) |
Capillary zone electrophoresis | Pre-column dervetization using sulfated beta-cyclodextrin as a chiral selector; mobile phase: tris buffer (100 mM pH 4.6) | UV detection 200 nm (anode at detection side) | Bulk drug | (Yi-Fen et al. 2000) |
HPLC | Amylose-based chiral column (250 × 4.6 mm); mobile phase: hexane:ethanol (90:10 v/v) | UV detection 220 nm (22 °C) | Bulk drug | (Phenomenex 2013) |