Fig. 1
Resveratrol (Res) alone exerts greater cytotoxic activity on two-dimensional monolayered cells than β-cyclodextrin-encapsulated resveratrol (Res/CD). A Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) were treated with various concentrations of CD, Res, or Res/CD for 24 h. Subsequently, they were stained with WST-1 for 1 h, as suggested by the provider. Then, live cells were monitored based on the OD at 450 nm. The bar graphs represent the percentage of live cells (mean ± SE, n = 3). p-values were obtained using one-way analysis of variance and Turkey's test. B 3T3-L1, U937, and HeLa cells were treated with 100 μM CD, Res, or Res/CD for up to 24 h. Then, cell viability was measured as previously described in panel A. The line graphs illustrate the percentages of live cells compared with the total cell population (mean ± SE, n = 3). C Res cytotoxicity was evaluated using the following formula: [1 − (OD450nm for Res-treated cells/OD450nm for CD-treated cells)] × 100. D Relative cytotoxicity of Res compared with that of Res/CD was assessed and plotted against the cytotoxicity of Res in different cell types and under different conditions