Table 1 Some of the GQD-based nanocomposites for voltammetric sensors
From: Graphene quantum dot nanocomposites: electroanalytical and optical sensor technology perspective
Electrode material | GQD preparation method (precursor) | Target analyte | Electroanalytical technique | Linear range | LOD | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BGQD/CNTsa | Hydrothermal (citric acid) | UA | Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) | 5.0 × 10−6–5.0 × 10−5 M | 9.9 × 10−7 M | Wang et al. (2022) |
MIP/GQDs/2D-hBN/GCE | Thermal deoxidization (graphene oxide) | SER | DPV | 1.0 × 10−12–1.0 × 10−8 M | 2.0 × 10−13 M | Yola and Atar (2018) |
TC–GQD | Hydrothermal (espresso coffee wastes) | DA | DPV | 1.0 × 10−6–5.0 × 10−4 M | 2.2 × 10−7 M | Ahmadi et al. (2020) |
AuNPs/GQDs/GCE | Pyrolysis (citric acid) | Norepinephrine (NE) | Square-wave stripping voltammetry | 5.0 × 10−7–7.5 × 10−6 M | 1.5 × 10−7 M | Fajardo et al. (2019) |
GQDs@MWCNTs/GCE | Pyrolysis (glucose) | DA | DPV | 2.5 × 10−7–2.5 × 10−4 M | 9.5 × 10−8 M | Arumugasamy et al. (2020) |
PEDOT-GQD/GCE | Electro polymerization (carbon nanofibers) | AA, DA, and UA | DPV | AA: 3.0 × 10−5–1.0 × 10−3 M DA: 5.0 × 10−7–4.0 × 10−5 M UA: 1.0 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−4 M | 4.1 × 10−6 M 1.2 × 10−7 M 1.8 × 10−7 M | Chul Lim et al. (2022) |
CuNC@ N-GQD/GCE | Hydrothermal (polyaniline) | DA, SER, and NIC | DPV | DA: 1.0 × 10−12–1.0 × 10−6 M SER: 1.0 × 10−9–1.0 × 10−6 M NIC: 1.0 × 10−11–1.0 × 10−6 M | 1.0 × 10−12 M 1.0 × 10−9 M 1.0 × 10−11 M | Saisree et al. (2022) |
Anti-cTnI/AuNPs@GQDs/SPGE | Commercial GQD from Sigma | Cardiac troponin-I | Square-wave voltammetry | 1.0–1000 pg mL−1 | 0.10 pg mL−1 | Mansuriya and Altintas (2021) |
N-GQDs/PHA-L | Microwave-assisted hydrothermal (passion fruit juice) | Human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) | Linear sweep voltammetry | 5–20 × 106 cells mL−1 | 1.0 cell mL−1 | Tran et al. (2022) |
Anti-AXL-fGQDs/SPCE | Pyrolysis (citric acid) | AXL receptor tyrosine kinase | DPV | 1.7 pg mL−1–1.0 ng mL−1 | 0.5 pg mL−1 | Mollarasouli et al. (2018) |
GQD-SPE/aptamer | Pyrolysis (citric acid) | p24-HIV | Cyclic voltammetry | 0.93 ng mL−1–93 µg mL−1 | 51.0 pg mL−1 | Gogola et al. (2021) |